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PSYCHOLOGY
(222)
Time: 3 Hours] [ Maximum Marks: 100
Note:
(i) This question paper consists of 48 questions in all.
(ii) All questions are compulsory.
(iii) Marks are given against each question.
(iv) Section – A consists of :
(a) Q.No. 1 to 20 – Multiple Choice type Questions (MCQs) carrying 1 mark each. Select and write the most appropriate option out of the four options given in each of these questions. An internal choice has been provided in some of these questions. You have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
(b) Q.No. 21 to 32 – Objective type questions. Q.No. 21 to 29 carry 2 marks each (with 2 subparts of 1 mark each). and Q.No. 30 to 32 carries 4 marks each (with 4 sub-parts of 1 mark each) Attempt these questions as per the instructions given for each of the questions 21 – 32.
(v) Section – B consists of :
(a) Q.No. 33 to 38 – Very Short Answer type questions carrying 2 marks each to be answered in the range of 30 to 50 words.
(b) Q.No. 39 to 44 – Short Answer type questions carrying 3 marks each to be answered in the range of 50 to 80 words.
(c) Q.No. 45 to 48 – Long Answer type questions carrying 5 marks each to be answered in the range of 80 to 120 words.
(1) Answers of all questions are to be given in the Answer-Book given to you.
(2) 15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be distributed at 2:15 p.m. From 2:15 p.m. to 2:30 p.m., the students will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the Answer-Book during this period.
SECTION – A
- (i) These kinds of health hazards such as epilepsy, memory disturbance, visual and auditory impairments are due to : 1
(A) Crowding (B) Noise Pollution
(C) Water Pollution (D) Air Pollution
Ans. (B) Noise Pollution.
OR
(ii) Diseases like diarrhoea, intestinal worms and hepatitis are caused by :
(A) Crowding (B) Noise Pollution
(C) Water Pollution (D) Air Pollution
Ans. (C) Water Pollution
- (i) This conflict has been referred as “mixed-blessing” conflicts because of the involvement of multiple alternatives : 1
(A) Approach – approach (B) Avoidance – avoidance
(C) Approach – avoidance (D) Frustration
Ans. (C) Approach – avoidance
OR
(ii) This is an experiential state which may result from blocking of needs and motives :
(A) Approach – approach (B) Avoidance – avoidance
(C) Approach – avoidance (D) Frustration
Ans. (D) Frustration
- Language usage is influenced by : 1
(A) age (B) gender
(C) cultural background (D) all
Ans. (D) all
Language usage is influenced by age, gender, and cultural background, as these factors shape the way individuals communicate, their choice of words, and their style of expression.
(i) Identify the period when satisfactory heterosexual adjustments are facilited, career is planned and philosophies of life are molded : 1
(A) Infancy (B) Adolescence (C) Adulthood (D) Childhood
Ans. (B) Adolescence
Adolescence is the period when individuals experience significant psychological and social development. It is marked by the exploration of relationships, planning for future careers, and forming personal philosophies and values.
OR
(ii) Transition from Adolescence to adulthood depends upon :
(A) Individual characteristics (B) Environmental aids
(C) Individual’s experiences (D) All
Ans. (D) All
The transition from adolescence to adulthood depends on individual characteristics (such as personality and resilience), environmental aids (like family and societal support), and individual’s experiences (such as education and challenges faced). These factors collectively shape the progression into adulthood.
- (i) Identify the process in which an internal representation of an object is formed : 1
(A) Sensation (B) Attention
(C) Perception (D) Recognition
Ans. (C) Perception
OR
(ii) Out of the following which is the ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distances ?
(A) Perceptual grouping (B) Perceptual constancy
(C) Depth perception (D) Illusions
Ans. (C) Depth perception
- (i) This is referred as dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his/her unique adjustment to the environment : 1
(A) Intelligence (B) Personality
(C) Interest (D) Aptitude
Ans. (B) Personality
OR
(ii) Individual differences occur due to : 1
(A) Genetics (B) Environment
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Only media
Ans. (C) Both (A) and (B)
- Anger, apathy, social withdrawal and learned helplessness are the most likely responses of : 1
(A) Crowding (B) Air Pollution
(C) Noise Pollution (D) Water Pollution
Ans. (A) Crowding
- Features of effective communication includes : 1
(A) Ethical standards (B) Mutual interest
(C) National integration (D) Obligation
Ans. (B) Mutual interest
Acceleration of growth during adolescent period is closely linked to the increased hormonal output of : 1
(A) Sweat glands (B) Sebaceous gland
(C) Pituitary glands (D) Liver
Ans. (C) Pituitary glands
- (i) The minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a sensory experience is called: 1
(A) Absolute threshold (B) Differential threshold
(C) Frequency (D) Pitch
Ans. (A) Absolute threshold
OR
(ii) This refers to the number of cycles a wave completes in a given amount of time: 1
(A) Absolute threshold (B) Differential threshold
(C) Frequency (D) Pitch
Ans. (C) Frequency
- This refers to the potential ability of an individual to perform a task, which consists of a combination of abilities : 1
(A) Intelligence (B) Personality
(C) Interest (D) Aptitude
Ans. (D) Aptitude
This process of organization includes human resources, capital, technology, material and information : 1
(A) Inputs (B) Outputs
(C) Environments (D) Socialization
Ans. (A) Inputs
- Identify the channels which involves the use of social distance between people: 1
(A) Kinesics (B) Gaze
(C) Proxemics (D) Haptics
Ans. (C) Proxemics
- (i) Gender identity is established at: 1
(A) 3 to 4 years (B) 5 to 6 years
(C) 7 to 8 years (D) 9 to 10 years
Ans. (A) 3 to 4 years
OR
(ii) ‘Gender consistency’ is established at : 1
(A) 3 to 4 years (B) 5 to 6 years
(C) 7 to 8 years (D) 9 to 10 years
Ans. (C) 7 to 8 years
- (i) This sub-system of organisation refers to the use of knowledge, facilities, equipment etc. : 1
(A) Psychological (B) Structural
(C) Managerial (D) Technical
Ans. (D) Technical
OR
(ii) This sub-system of organisation refers to the well defined tasks and integrated activities in different units: 1
(A) Psychological (B) Structural
(C) Managerial (D) Technical
Ans. (B) Structural
- (i) Which of the following statement is not correct? 1
(A) Communication is a continuous process.
(B) We can communicate through words.
(C) We can communicate through gestures.
(D) We cannot express through tones and expressions.
Ans. (D) We cannot express through tones and expressions
OR
(ii) Parents tell their children not to smoke and drink because it is unhealthy. This attitude is formed through :
(A) Direct contact (B) Direct instruction
(C) Interaction with others (D) Observational learning
Ans. (B) Direct instruction
Identify the factor of organizational climate which serves as the basis of interpersonal relationship between supervisors, subordinates and co-workers: 1
(A) Organizational Structure (B) Technology
(C) External Environment (D) Management Policies and Practices
Ans. (D) Management Policies and Practices
(i) In an organisation when management uses threats and punishment to enforce orders. 1
Identify the leadership style here :
(A) Participative (B) Consultative
(C) Paternalistic (D) Authoritarian
Ans. (D) Authoritarian
OR
(ii) This leadership style involves two way communication between boss and subordinates :
(A) Participative (B) Consultative
(C) Paternalistic (D) Authoritarian
Ans. (B) Consultative
Through this process an individual employee acquires the knowledge and skills necessary within the organisation: 1
(A) Superior – subordinate relationship
(B) Relationship with co-workers
(C) Organisational socialization
(D) Communication
Ans. (C) Organisational socialization
This refers to preservation of the stocks of resources including environmental and exhaustible resources: 1
(A) Sustainable development (B) Global warming
(C) Green house effect (D) Consumption
Ans. (A) Sustainable development
- Answer any two of the following: 1+1
(i) Sukriti keeps organizing her cupboard whole day. Even the thought of somebody missing it, keeps her anxious. Identify the disorder of Sukriti.
(ii) Tanya is not able to remember anything from the past. This occurred after the sudden demise of her husband in an accident. Identify the disorder in the case of Tanya.
(iii) Give any two behavioural responses of stress.
(iv) Write any two emotional responses of stress.
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
Ans. (i) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Sukriti’s behavior of constantly organizing her cupboard and the anxiety caused by the thought of someone disrupting it suggests Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), which involves repetitive behaviors and intrusive thoughts.
(ii) Amnesia (or Dissociative Amnesia)
Tanya’s inability to remember past events, especially following a traumatic experience like the loss of her husband, indicates Amnesia or Dissociative Amnesia, a condition often triggered by stress or trauma.
(iii) Two behavioral responses of stress:
- Increased restlessness or agitation
- Changes in eating or sleeping habits (e.g., overeating, insomnia)
(iv) Two emotional responses of stress:
- Anxiety
- Irritability
(i) Define interest. 1+1
Ans. Interest refers to a feeling of curiosity, attention, or attraction toward a particular activity, subject, or object. It is the mental or emotional engagement that motivates individuals to focus on and engage with something that they find enjoyable, important, or intriguing. Interests often guide people’s choices and decisions, influencing their hobbies, career paths, and other personal pursuits.
(ii) Give one example of interest test.
Ans. One example of an interest test is the Strong Interest Inventory (SII).
This test is widely used to assess an individual’s interests in various careers, educational fields, and activities. It compares the person’s interests with those of people in different professions, helping to guide career choices and personal development.
Answer any two of the following: 2
(i) Non-verbal communication helps to allow self-presentation. True/False
(ii) Haptics refers to __________ and is a function of culture.
(iii) Effective communication can be achieved by talking fast. True/False
(iv) Advertisers make use of __________ to make people buy certain products.
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
Ans. (i) True
Non-verbal communication helps in self-presentation by conveying emotions, attitudes, and identity through body language, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues.
(ii) Haptics refers to touch and is a function of culture.
Haptics involves communication through physical touch, and its interpretation varies based on cultural norms and practices.
(iii) False
Effective communication is not achieved by talking fast. It is more important to speak clearly and at a pace that allows the listener to understand the message. Talking too fast can hinder effective communication.
(iv) Advertisers make use of psychological techniques to make people buy certain products.
Advertisers use various psychological strategies, such as emotional appeal, social proof, and persuasive messaging, to influence consumer behavior and encourage purchases.
Answer any two of the following: 2
(i) What is cognitive development ?
(ii) Identify the sub-stage of cognitive development when children can create mental images of objects.
(iii) According to Piaget inability to see the world from someone else’s point is called__________.
(iv) Centration means __________.
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
Ans. (i) Cognitive development refers to the process by which individuals acquire, organize, and utilize knowledge and understanding. It involves the development of mental processes such as thinking, problem-solving, memory, reasoning, and decision-making throughout childhood and beyond.
(ii) The sub-stage of cognitive development when children can create mental images of objects is called the Preoperational stage (specifically, the symbolic function sub-stage) according to Piaget. During this stage, children start using symbols, including mental images, to represent objects and events.
(iii) According to Piaget, the inability to see the world from someone else’s point of view is called egocentrism. This is a characteristic of the preoperational stage in which children find it difficult to understand perspectives other than their own.
(iv) Centration refers to the tendency of children in the preoperational stage to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting other relevant features. This often leads to errors in judgment or understanding, such as being overly focused on the height of a liquid in a container and ignoring its width.
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
- (i) The process of learning language is __________. (verbal learning/concept learning) 2
(ii) __________ refers to the process of using earlier learning in a new situation.
Ans. (i) The process of learning language is verbal learning.
(ii) Transfer of learning refers to the process of using earlier learning in a new situation.
(i) This property of psychological test ensures uniformity and objectivity. Identify the property. 2
Ans. The property of a psychological test that ensures uniformity and objectivity is standardization
(ii) Ability test measures capacity as potential. Suggest one ability test.
Ans. An example of an ability test is the Aptitude Test.
(i) Write one purpose of job description. 2
(ii) What is the outcome of right career decision?
Ans.(i): One purpose of a job description is to clearly outline the roles, responsibilities, and expectations of a position.
(ii): The outcome of a right career decision is job satisfaction and career success, including personal fulfillment and professional growth.
Answer any two of the following: 2
(i) What is the average IQ level ?
(ii) Concept of IQ is not meaningful beyond the age of 18 years. True/False
(iii) Write one positive influence of media on society.
(iv) People have unlimited capacity to receive and process information. True/False
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
Ans. (i): The average IQ level is 100.
(ii): False, the concept of IQ remains meaningful beyond the age of 18 years.
(iii): One positive influence of media on society is raising awareness about social issues.
(iv): False, people have limited capacity to receive and process information.
Identify the parenting style when it is: 2
(i) demanding, controlling, insensitive
(ii) indulgent, non-demanding
Ans. (i) The parenting style is authoritarian.
(ii) The parenting style is permissive.
Classical conditioning is also known as Pavlovian conditioning. He studied stimulus – response relationship. He did his experiments on dog. Based on description answer the following questions.
(i) Identify US in Pavlovian experiment
(ii) Identify UR
(iii) Identify CS
(iv) What is acquisition in this experiment?
Ans. (i) Identify US (Unconditioned Stimulus): Food
(ii) Identify UR (Unconditioned Response): Salivation in response to food
(iii) Identify CS (Conditioned Stimulus): Bell (after being paired with food)
(iv) Acquisition is the process during which the dog learns to associate the bell (CS) with the food (US), resulting in the conditioned response (CR) of salivation to the bell.
Answer any four out of the following: 4
(i) Sarah suddenly leaves her home and starts living in another city with a new identity and with no memory from her past. Identify the disorder.
(ii) Ankit is extremely rigid when it comes to wearing shirts. He is withdrawn, does not smile and has delayed language development. Identify the disorder of Ankit.
(iii) Kumar would often be seen talking to himself. On questioning he would say that these were people whom he could see and hear. Identify the disorder.
(iv) Arnav is 8 year old boy. His parents are worried about his lack of paying attention in class. He is always distracted during lesson. Identify the disorder of Arnav.
(v) Building good and working relation with client in psychotherapy is known as__________.
(vi) Step comes when sessions have yielded the desired outcome is known as __________.
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
Ans. (i): The disorder is Dissociative Fugue.
(ii): The disorder of Ankit is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
(iii): The disorder is Schizophrenia (characterized by hallucinations).
(iv): The disorder of Arnav is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
(v): Building good and working relations with a client in psychotherapy is known as therapeutic alliance.
(vi): The step when sessions have yielded the desired outcome is known as termination.
Answer any four of the following: 4
(i) Give one example of self report measure of personality.
(ii) In this type of measure of personality has unstructured or ambiguous stimuli.
(iii) This measure of personality came into light during second world war.
(iv) Vocational interest Test are Pen and Paper Test. True/False
(v) Which perspective identifies personality as extraversion and introversion ?
(vi) Which perspective of personality was given by Sigmund Freud ?
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
Ans. (i): One example of a self-report measure of personality is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
(ii): This type of measure of personality is called a projective test.
(iii): The measure of personality that came into light during the Second World War is the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF).
(iv): True, vocational interest tests are pen-and-paper tests.
(v): The perspective identifying personality as extraversion and introversion is the trait perspective, particularly Carl Jung’s theory.
(vi): The perspective of personality given by Sigmund Freud is the psychoanalytic perspective.
SECTION – B
- Explain behavioural approach to understand psychological processes. 2
Ans. The behavioral approach to understanding psychological processes focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states. It emphasizes that behavior is learned through interaction with the environment and is shaped by reinforcement, punishment, and conditioning. This approach includes two primary concepts:
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Learning occurs through associations between stimuli and responses.
Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards and punishments.
The behavioral approach highlights the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior and is often used in therapies to modify maladaptive behaviors through systematic techniques like behavior modification.
What is Udana – The faculty of thinking? 2
Ans. Udana is one of the five primary Pranas (life forces) in yogic and Ayurvedic philosophy. It governs the faculty of thinking, speech, and upward movement of energy in the body. Udana is primarily responsible for:
- Thinking and cognition: It aids in higher mental processes like reasoning, imagination, and decision-making.
- Speech and expression: It facilitates communication and articulation of thoughts.
- Upward energy flow: It helps in maintaining balance, focus, and spiritual growth, supporting upward movements like standing and mental elevation.
Udana operates in the head and throat region, connecting physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions. It plays a vital role in aligning the mind and body for holistic well-being.
Define social cognition. 2
Ans. Social cognition refers to the process by which people perceive, interpret, and make sense of information about others in social contexts. It involves understanding how individuals think about and react to others’ behaviors, emotions, intentions, and interactions. Social cognition helps us navigate social situations by allowing us to form impressions, make judgments, and predict behaviors of others. Key components include:
- Attribution – How we explain the causes of others’ actions (e.g., whether they are due to internal traits or external factors).
- Social perception – The process of interpreting and understanding social cues, such as body language or facial expressions.
- Stereotyping – Categorizing individuals based on group membership, sometimes leading to biases.
Overall, social cognition plays a significant role in our ability to interact effectively in society.
Explain the concept of ‘Attention’. 2
Ans. Attention is the cognitive process of selectively focusing on specific information while ignoring other stimuli. It is essential for effective perception, learning, memory, and problem-solving. Attention allows us to concentrate mental resources on certain aspects of our environment or tasks, making them more accessible for processing. There are several types of attention, including:
- Selective attention – Focusing on a particular stimulus while filtering out distractions (e.g., concentrating on a conversation in a noisy room).
- Sustained attention – The ability to maintain focus over a long period (e.g., reading a book for hours).
- Divided attention – The ability to focus on multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously (e.g., driving and talking at the same time).
- Alternating attention – Shifting focus between tasks with different demands (e.g., switching between different subjects of study).
Attention is limited, meaning we cannot focus on everything at once, and it plays a crucial role in processing information efficiently.
List any two functions of an attitude. 2
Ans. Two key functions of an attitude are:
- Knowledge Function: Attitudes help individuals make sense of the world by organizing and simplifying information. They provide a framework for understanding and interpreting experiences, making it easier to navigate and respond to various situations.
- Ego-Defensive Function: Attitudes can protect self-esteem and justify behaviors or beliefs that might otherwise be seen as negative or contradictory. They help individuals defend against anxiety or threats to their self-concept.
- What are field experiments ? 2
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
Ans. Field experiments are research studies conducted in natural, real-world settings, rather than in controlled laboratory environments. In these experiments, the researcher manipulates one or more variables (independent variables) to observe their effect on the behavior or outcomes of interest (dependent variables), while participants are typically unaware of being studied. This helps to ensure that the findings are more generalizable and reflective of real-life situations.
Key features of field experiments include:
- Natural Setting: The experiment takes place in a real-world environment, like schools, workplaces, or public spaces.
- Manipulation and Control: Researchers can still manipulate variables, but with less control over extraneous factors compared to lab settings.
- External Validity: Because they occur in natural settings, the results often have higher external validity and are more applicable to everyday life.
Field experiments are commonly used in psychology, sociology, and social sciences to study behaviors in natural contexts.
(i) Each and every person is a combination of three gunas. Justify the statement. 3
Ans. The statement that “each and every person is a combination of three gunas” is rooted in Sankhya philosophy and yogic traditions, particularly as described in the Bhagavad Gita. According to this philosophy, the three gunas—Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas—are the fundamental qualities that shape human nature, behavior, and personality.
Sattva: Represents purity, knowledge, harmony, and balance. It leads to clarity, wisdom, and spiritual growth. People with a predominance of Sattva tend to be calm, peaceful, and virtuous.
Rajas: Represents activity, desire, and passion. It leads to restlessness, ambition, and attachment to the material world. People with a predominance of Rajas are dynamic, driven, and focused on achieving goals, often at the cost of inner peace.
Tamas: Represents inertia, ignorance, and darkness. It leads to laziness, confusion, and a lack of motivation. People with a predominance of Tamas may be lethargic, pessimistic, and detached from spiritual or intellectual pursuits.
Each person exhibits a unique combination of these three gunas in varying degrees, influencing their thoughts, actions, and behaviors. For instance, someone might have a dominant Sattvic nature but experience fluctuations in Rajas and Tamas, depending on the context or life stage. The gunas are not static and can change, which is why personal growth or transformation is possible through practices such as meditation, self-awareness, and disciplined living.
OR
(ii) Explain levels of consciousness according to Sri Aurobindo.
Ans. According to Sri Aurobindo, consciousness is not a single, unified entity, but exists at different levels, each with its own distinct qualities and functions. He described several layers of consciousness that range from the most material to the most spiritual, shaping the nature of human experience. The levels are:
- Physical Consciousness (Matter): This is the most external level of consciousness, connected to the material world and governed by the laws of nature. It is primarily concerned with survival, sensory perception, and instinctive behavior.
- Vital Consciousness (Life Force): The vital level governs emotions, desires, and the drive for power, pleasure, and success. It is dynamic, active, and driven by the force of life, often leading to restlessness and attachment to worldly desires.
- Mental Consciousness (Mind): The mental level is responsible for thinking, reasoning, and intellect. It is the domain of knowledge, ideas, and the ability to analyze and interpret reality. Sri Aurobindo described the mental consciousness as being a bridge between the lower and higher planes of existence.
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
- Spiritual Consciousness (Higher Mind and Supermind): Beyond the mind lies the higher consciousness, which is directly connected to the divine and universal truths. The Higher Mind is the level where the mind starts to transcend intellectual boundaries and aligns with spiritual insight. The Supermind is a state of pure, all-encompassing consciousness that transcends the duality of the physical and mental realms and integrates the Divine within all aspects of existence.
Supramental Consciousness: This is the highest state, which Sri Aurobindo referred to as the divine consciousness or the highest Truth-consciousness. It represents the integration of all levels of being, transcending the limitations of human perception and bringing about transformation on a spiritual and material level. It is the state of perfect unity with the Divine, where the individual ego dissolves into universal consciousness.
Sri Aurobindo’s view of consciousness emphasizes the potential for human beings to evolve through these levels, ultimately reaching a higher spiritual state that integrates the individual and the divine. His integral yoga is designed to help individuals transcend ordinary consciousness and awaken to the higher planes of existence.
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
- Describe the relevant variable under experimental method. 3
Ans. In the experimental method of research, several variables are crucial in determining the relationship between different factors and observing their effects. The key types of variables involved are:
- Independent Variable (IV):
The independent variable is the one that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is the presumed cause of changes in the experiment.
Example: In an experiment studying the effect of light on plant growth, the amount of light exposure would be the independent variable. Dependent Variable (DV):
The dependent variable is the outcome or effect that is measured in the experiment. It is influenced by changes in the independent variable.
Example: In the plant growth experiment, the height or health of the plant would be the dependent variable.
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
- Control Variables:
These are the variables that are kept constant or controlled throughout the experiment to ensure that the changes observed in the dependent variable are solely due to the manipulation of the independent variable.
Example: In the plant experiment, the type of plant, the soil, and the water given would be control variables. Extraneous Variables:
These are uncontrolled variables that could potentially influence the dependent variable, making it harder to draw clear conclusions. Researchers aim to minimize their impact by controlling or randomizing them.
Example: External factors like temperature fluctuations or pests might affect plant growth and should be controlled or accounted for.
- Confounding Variables:
These are variables that unintentionally vary along with the independent variable and can create false associations between the independent and dependent variables.
Example: If the amount of light is correlated with the temperature in an experiment, temperature could be a confounding variable that affects plant growth.
By carefully managing and controlling these variables, researchers can draw accurate conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships in their experiments.
Describe the characteristics of middle adulthood. 3
Ans. Middle adulthood typically spans the ages of 40 to 65 years and is characterized by various physical, emotional, and social changes. Some key characteristics include:
- Physical Changes:
- Decline in physical abilities: Gradual decrease in strength, stamina, and flexibility, along with changes in metabolism and energy levels.
- Aging signs: Wrinkles, graying hair, and changes in skin elasticity. Vision and hearing may begin to deteriorate.
- Health concerns: Increased risk of chronic health conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or arthritis.
- Menopause in women: Women experience the end of menstruation, leading to hormonal changes and physical symptoms like hot flashes and mood swings.
Cognitive Changes:
- Stable intelligence: While some cognitive abilities, such as memory and processing speed, may decline slightly, crystallized intelligence (knowledge and experience) tends to remain stable or even improve.
- Focus on problem-solving: People in middle adulthood often rely on practical knowledge and experience to solve problems rather than rapid processing speed.
Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Psychology 222 Class 10 –https://www.pkkapri.com/
- Emotional and Psychological Changes:
- Increased self-awareness: Individuals often reflect on their life choices, values, and future goals, leading to a sense of purpose or mid-life crisis for some.
- Emotional regulation: Emotional stability tends to improve, and individuals often become better at handling stress and complex emotions.
- Generativity vs. stagnation: According to Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, the central challenge in middle adulthood is to feel a sense of contribution to society (generativity) or experience a sense of stagnation.
Social Changes:
- Family roles: Many individuals experience changes in family dynamics, such as children becoming independent, or the caregiving responsibilities for aging parents increasing.
- Career development: People may reach career peaks or reevaluate their professional life, leading to career changes or pursuing hobbies and new interests.
- Social relationships: Friendships and relationships tend to be more stable, and people in middle adulthood often focus on deepening connections and finding meaning in their social networks.
Spiritual and Existential Exploration:
- Individuals may become more focused on spiritual or philosophical beliefs, seeking a deeper understanding of life, mortality, and personal fulfillment. This stage can involve a reassessment of one’s legacy and life goals.
Middle adulthood is a time of both growth and challenge, as individuals adapt to physical aging, emotional shifts, and changing life roles. It is often viewed as a period of self-reflection, adjustment, and preparing for later adulthood.
Identify some indicators of poor mental health. 3
Ans. Indicators of poor mental health can manifest in various ways, affecting emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Some common signs include:
- Emotional Symptoms:
- Persistent sadness, irritability, or mood swings that last for weeks.
- Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness.
- Excessive guilt or self-blame.
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable (anhedonia).
- Cognitive Symptoms:
- Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or thinking clearly.
- Memory problems or forgetfulness.
- Negative thought patterns, such as excessive worry, fear, or self-criticism.
Behavioral Symptoms:
- Changes in sleep patterns, such as insomnia or excessive sleeping.
- Changes in appetite or weight (either significant weight loss or gain).
- Social withdrawal or avoiding social interactions and responsibilities.
- Substance abuse (alcohol or drugs) as a way to cope.
- Physical Symptoms:
- Chronic fatigue or lack of energy, even after adequate rest.
- Unexplained physical symptoms, such as headaches, digestive issues, or muscle tension, that do not have a clear medical cause.
- Increased susceptibility to illnesses due to weakened immune function.
Psychosomatic Symptoms:
- Intense feelings of anxiety or panic attacks (shortness of breath, racing heart, dizziness).
- Extreme irritability or anger outbursts.
- Hallucinations or delusions (in severe cases, as seen in conditions like schizophrenia).
- Social Symptoms:
- Difficulty maintaining relationships, experiencing conflict with family, friends, or coworkers.
- Withdrawal from loved ones or a general lack of social connection.
- Inability to perform daily tasks, such as work, school, or household responsibilities.
Recognizing these signs early and seeking help is essential for addressing mental health challenges. Mental health conditions are treatable, and seeking support from a professional can lead to better outcomes.
(i) Describe the three component of an attitude. 3
Ans. The three components of an attitude, often referred to as the ABC model, are:
- Affective Component (Feelings):
- This involves the emotional response or feelings associated with an object, person, or situation.
- It reflects how we feel about something, such as liking, disliking, or having a neutral emotional reaction.
Example: Feeling happy when thinking about your favorite hobby.
Behavioral Component (Actions):
- This relates to how we behave or act toward the object of the attitude based on our feelings and beliefs.
- It shows the intention or tendency to respond in a particular way.
Example: Exercising regularly because you believe it’s good for your health.
- Cognitive Component (Thoughts):
- This includes the beliefs, knowledge, or thoughts about the object of the attitude.
- It reflects our understanding, perceptions, or judgments about something.
Example: Believing that studying hard leads to success.
Together, these components form an attitude, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world.
OR
(ii) Explain the three important factors that help to bring about attitude change.
Ans. Attitude change is influenced by several factors, but three of the most important ones are:
- The Source of the Message:
- The credibility, attractiveness, and trustworthiness of the communicator play a key role.
- Credibility: People are more likely to be persuaded by someone who is perceived as knowledgeable or expert on the topic.
- Attractiveness: Charismatic and relatable communicators tend to have a greater influence.
- Example: A health campaign led by a well-known doctor is more convincing than one by an unknown person.
The Nature of the Message:
- The content and structure of the message are critical for attitude change.
- Emotional appeal: Messages that evoke emotions like fear, happiness, or empathy can be persuasive.
- Logical reasoning: Well-structured arguments with strong evidence are effective, especially for critical thinkers.
- Two-sided arguments: Addressing both pros and cons increases trust and credibility.
- Example: Anti-smoking ads that show both the health benefits of quitting and the risks of smoking.
The Characteristics of the Audience:
- The attitudes, beliefs, and readiness of the audience determine how they receive the message.
- Cognitive ability: Audiences with higher analytical skills prefer logical arguments, while emotional appeals work better for less critical audiences.
- Relevance: Messages tailored to the audience’s interests or needs are more effective.
- Example: Younger audiences may respond more to social media campaigns, while older audiences might prefer traditional media.
These factors interact dynamically, influencing how attitudes shift over time.
(i) ‘Human subjugated to Nature’. Explain this view as human-environmental relationship. 3
Ans. The view of “Human subjugated to Nature” emphasizes the idea that humans are deeply influenced and controlled by the natural environment. This perspective, rooted in environmental determinism, suggests that human behavior, culture, and societal development are shaped by the physical environment, leaving little room for human agency or adaptation.
Key Points:
- Dependence on Nature:
Early human societies were highly dependent on the natural environment for survival. Climate, geography, and availability of resources dictated where people could live, what they could eat, and how they could thrive.
Example: Agriculture in river valleys like the Nile or Indus was determined by the fertility of the soil and seasonal water availability. - Limitations of Nature:
Humans were seen as powerless against natural forces such as floods, droughts, storms, and diseases. These events shaped how communities evolved and interacted with their surroundings.
Example: Coastal communities developed resilience to storms, while desert societies learned to conserve water. Adaptation vs. Control:
In this view, humans adapt to the environment rather than controlling it. Their tools, technology, and cultural practices are responses to environmental challenges.
Example: Inuit people in the Arctic developed clothing, tools, and hunting methods suited to extreme cold.
- Historical Perspective:
This relationship is most prominent in pre-industrial societies, where human activities were more in harmony with nature due to limited technological advancement.
While this perspective highlights nature’s dominance, it has been critiqued for underestimating human creativity and adaptability in transforming the environment to meet their needs.
OR
(ii) Explain the symbiotic relationship between human and Nature.
Ans. The symbiotic relationship between humans and nature emphasizes a mutual interdependence where both benefit and thrive together. It reflects the idea that humans and nature coexist, influencing and supporting each other for survival and well-being. This concept aligns with sustainable living and ecological harmony.
Key Aspects of the Symbiotic Relationship:
- Humans Depend on Nature:
- Resources: Nature provides humans with essentials like air, water, food, and raw materials for shelter, clothing, and industry.
- Ecosystem Services: Ecosystems regulate the climate, purify water, pollinate crops, and maintain biodiversity essential for human survival.
Example: Forests provide oxygen, wood, and medicinal plants.
Nature Depends on Humans:
- Conservation Efforts: Humans play a role in preserving and restoring ecosystems through afforestation, wildlife conservation, and pollution control.
- Sustainable Practices: Practices like organic farming, renewable energy use, and waste management help maintain ecological balance.
Example: Protecting wetlands enhances biodiversity and prevents flooding.
Cultural and Spiritual Connection:
- Many cultures revere nature, seeing it as sacred or divine, which fosters respect and responsibility for the environment.
Example: Indigenous practices often focus on living harmoniously with nature.
- Many cultures revere nature, seeing it as sacred or divine, which fosters respect and responsibility for the environment.
- Mutual Impact:
- Positive Impact: When humans care for nature, ecosystems flourish, benefiting all life forms.
- Negative Impact: Exploitation of natural resources leads to environmental degradation, harming both nature and human societies.
Example: Deforestation reduces biodiversity and contributes to climate change.
Conclusion:
A symbiotic relationship highlights the need for balance and reciprocity. By nurturing nature, humans ensure their own survival and well-being, while destructive behavior disrupts this harmony, jeopardizing the future of all life on Earth.
(i) Describe Vijnanmaya Kosh – The intellectual sheath. 5
Ans. Vijnanamaya Kosha, also known as the intellectual sheath, is the fourth layer in the Panchakosha system of Vedantic philosophy, which describes five layers (koshas) of human existence. These layers move from the gross physical body to the subtle spiritual self.
Characteristics of Vijnanamaya Kosha:
- Nature:
- It is the intellectual or wisdom sheath that governs higher knowledge, discernment (viveka), and intuitive understanding.
- This kosha is subtler than the mind sheath (Manomaya Kosha) and is concerned with understanding and decision-making rather than mere thought processes.
Functions:
- Discrimination and Wisdom: Enables the ability to distinguish between right and wrong, eternal and transient.
- Higher Consciousness: Guides actions based on deeper awareness and understanding.
- Intuition and Insight: Allows for deeper realizations beyond logical reasoning.
- Ego and Identity: Includes the sense of “I” (ahamkara), which is linked to individual identity.
Components:
- Composed of buddhi (intellect) and viveka (discrimination).
- Integrates inputs from the sensory mind (Manomaya Kosha) to make meaningful decisions aligned with wisdom.
- Connection to Spirituality:
- Acts as a bridge between the lower sheaths (body and mind) and the Anandamaya Kosha (the bliss sheath).
- Through self-reflection, meditation, and wisdom, individuals can transcend this sheath to experience pure consciousness.
- Growth and Development:
- Enhanced through practices like self-inquiry (jnana yoga), study of scriptures, meditation, and ethical living.
Analogy:
The Vijnanamaya Kosha can be compared to a guiding light, helping a person navigate life through wisdom and discernment, moving beyond reactive thinking to deeper understanding. However, it is not the ultimate truth; it must also be transcended to realize the bliss of the self (Anandamaya Kosha).
OR
(ii) Explain Aurobindo perspective on level of consciousness.
Ans. Sri Aurobindo, a renowned Indian philosopher and spiritual teacher, provided a profound perspective on the levels of consciousness, emphasizing the evolution of human awareness toward spiritual realization. According to him, consciousness is not static but dynamic, involving different levels that reflect humanity’s journey from the material to the divine. His framework integrates the physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions of existence.
Levels of Consciousness According to Sri Aurobindo:
- Physical Consciousness:
- Represents the basic, material level of existence.
- It is rooted in the body and its instincts, sensations, and physical needs.
- This level is concerned with survival, comfort, and actions governed by inertia or mechanical repetition.
- Vital Consciousness:
- Associated with the life force or prana that drives emotions, desires, and passions.
- This level reflects the energy of ambition, attachment, and dynamic action but can also manifest as restlessness or conflict when not disciplined.
Mental Consciousness:
- Represents intellectual thought, logic, and reason.
- This level is characterized by analysis, creativity, and conceptual understanding, but it can also be limited by ego and mental rigidity.
- It is a bridge between lower (physical and vital) and higher (spiritual) realms of consciousness.
Psychic Consciousness:
- The soul or true self within, which is pure, luminous, and eternal.
- This level acts as the guiding force toward higher truths, enabling inner transformation and alignment with the divine will.
- Accessing this consciousness leads to self-realization and harmony with universal consciousness.
- Higher Consciousness:
- Refers to levels beyond the ordinary mind and ego, encompassing spiritual and divine consciousness.
- Includes:
- Intuitive Consciousness: Direct perception of truth without reasoning.
- Overmental Consciousness: A state of universal vision and expansive awareness.
- Supramental Consciousness: The ultimate level, representing the divine truth-consciousness that transcends dualities and integrates matter with spirit.
Supramental Consciousness:
- The pinnacle of evolution in Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy.
- It is the ultimate realization where human consciousness is transformed to embody divine knowledge, power, and bliss.
- This state integrates all levels of existence, dissolving the separation between the material and spiritual realms.
Key Ideas in Aurobindo’s Perspective:
- Evolutionary Process: Consciousness evolves progressively, and humans are capable of transcending lower levels through spiritual practices like meditation, devotion, and self-inquiry.
- Integral Yoga: Aurobindo emphasized Integral Yoga as a path to integrate all aspects of consciousness and achieve supramental realization.
- Purpose of Life: Human life is a journey of transforming consciousness to manifest divine truth on Earth, achieving unity between the individual and the universal.
Sri Aurobindo’s perspective offers a holistic framework for understanding consciousness as a spectrum, guiding humanity toward spiritual evolution and self-fulfillment.
(i) Suggest some strategies to maintain good mental health and hygiene. 5
Ans. Maintaining good mental health and hygiene is essential for overall well-being. Here are some effective strategies:
- Develop Healthy Lifestyle Habits:
- Regular Exercise: Engage in physical activities like walking, yoga, or sports to reduce stress and boost mood.
- Balanced Diet: Eat nutritious meals rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Avoid excessive sugar, caffeine, and processed foods.
- Adequate Sleep: Aim for 7–9 hours of quality sleep to recharge your mind and body.
- Practice Stress Management:
- Mindfulness: Practice meditation, deep breathing, or relaxation techniques to stay calm and focused.
- Time Management: Organize tasks to avoid feeling overwhelmed. Use planners or to-do lists.
- Hobbies: Engage in creative activities or hobbies that bring joy and relaxation.
Foster Positive Relationships:
- Build a supportive network of family, friends, and colleagues.
- Communicate openly about your feelings and seek help when needed.
- Join community groups or social activities to combat loneliness.
- Cultivate Positive Thinking:
- Focus on gratitude and practice affirmations.
- Avoid overthinking or dwelling on negative thoughts.
- Set realistic goals and celebrate small achievements.
- Engage in Self-Care:
- Take breaks and prioritize “me time.”
- Avoid overburdening yourself with responsibilities.
- Treat yourself to activities or experiences you enjoy.
Limit Harmful Influences:
- Reduce screen time and avoid excessive social media use.
- Limit exposure to toxic relationships or environments.
- Avoid substance abuse, such as alcohol or drugs.
- Seek Professional Help When Needed:
- Consult a therapist or counselor for emotional support.
- Attend mental health workshops or support groups.
- Don’t hesitate to seek medical treatment for mental health conditions.
Stay Spiritually Connected:
- Practice gratitude, prayer, or meditation to nurture your inner self.
- Explore philosophies or spiritual practices that bring inner peace.
By incorporating these strategies into daily life, you can promote resilience, emotional stability, and mental clarity.
OR
(ii) What do you understand by the term health ? Differentiate between mental ill-health and mental illness.
Ans. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It encompasses physical fitness, emotional balance, and the ability to function effectively in daily life.
Mental Ill-Health vs. Mental Illness
Aspect | Mental Ill-Health | Mental Illness |
Definition | A temporary state of emotional or psychological distress that affects well-being. | A diagnosable psychological disorder with specific symptoms and criteria. |
Causes | Stress, life events, or poor coping mechanisms. | Complex factors like genetics, brain chemistry, trauma, or chronic stress. |
Severity | Often mild and reversible with self-care or short-term support. | More severe, often requiring medical or therapeutic intervention. |
Examples | Anxiety from exams, temporary sadness after a loss. | Depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder. |
Duration | Short-term and situational. | Long-term or chronic without proper treatment. |
Treatment | Lifestyle changes, stress management, counseling. | Medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of treatments. |
Key Difference
Mental ill-health reflects a temporary decline in mental well-being, often situational and reversible. Mental illness involves a persistent and clinically significant impairment, requiring specialized care. Both can affect daily functioning but vary in intensity and underlying causes.
How one can remain healthy during old age? Discuss. 5
Ans. Remaining healthy during old age involves maintaining physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being. Here are some strategies to promote health during this phase of life:
- Physical Health
- Balanced Diet: Consume a nutrient-rich diet, focusing on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Stay hydrated.
- Regular Exercise: Engage in age-appropriate physical activities like walking, yoga, or light strength training to maintain mobility, balance, and strength.
- Adequate Sleep: Aim for 7–9 hours of restful sleep to promote recovery and energy.
- Regular Check-Ups: Monitor health through routine medical exams, vaccinations, and screenings.
- Manage Chronic Conditions: Follow medical advice for conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis.
Mental Health
- Stay Mentally Active: Engage in activities like reading, puzzles, or learning new skills to stimulate the brain.
- Practice Mindfulness: Meditation and relaxation techniques help reduce stress and improve focus.
- Limit Stress: Maintain a positive outlook and avoid overthinking.
Emotional Well-being
- Stay Connected: Maintain strong relationships with family and friends to combat loneliness.
- Hobbies and Interests: Pursue activities that bring joy and fulfillment.
- Seek Support: Share feelings and seek counseling or therapy when needed.
- Social Engagement
- Join Community Groups: Participate in clubs, social gatherings, or volunteer work.
- Stay Informed: Keep updated on local events and developments.
- Strengthen Bonds: Actively engage with family and loved ones.
Lifestyle Adjustments
- Avoid Harmful Substances: Limit alcohol intake and avoid smoking.
- Adapt Living Spaces: Ensure a safe and comfortable environment to prevent accidents.
- Stay Independent: Use aids or support systems as necessary but strive for self-reliance.
- Spiritual Practices
- Connect Spiritually: Engage in prayer, meditation, or other spiritual practices to nurture inner peace.
- Gratitude Practice: Cultivate a sense of appreciation for life’s experiences.
By integrating these strategies, individuals can enhance their quality of life and remain healthy, active, and fulfilled during old age.
Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs. 5
Ans. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a psychological theory proposed by Abraham Maslow, which outlines a five-tier model of human needs. These needs are often depicted as a pyramid, with basic needs at the bottom and higher-level needs at the top. The theory suggests that individuals are motivated to fulfill these needs in a sequential order, progressing to the next level only after the lower needs are satisfied.
Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
- Physiological Needs (Basic Needs):
- Includes fundamental requirements for survival, such as food, water, air, sleep, and shelter.
- These are the most basic and must be met before pursuing other needs.
- Safety Needs (Basic Needs):
- Includes physical safety, financial security, health, and protection from harm.
- Examples: Secure housing, stable income, and a safe work environment.
- Love and Belonging Needs (Psychological Needs):
- Focuses on interpersonal relationships and emotional connections.
- Includes friendship, family, intimacy, and social groups.
- A sense of belonging enhances mental well-being.
Esteem Needs (Psychological Needs):
- Comprises two aspects:
- Self-esteem: Confidence, independence, and competence.
- Recognition: Respect, status, and acknowledgment from others.
- Meeting these needs fosters self-worth and motivation.
- Comprises two aspects:
- Self-Actualization Needs (Self-Fulfillment Needs):
- Represents the desire for personal growth, self-discovery, and realizing one’s full potential.
- Includes creative pursuits, problem-solving, and achieving life goals
Key Features of Maslow’s Theory:
- Progressive Nature: Needs are addressed in order, starting with the most basic.
- Flexibility: The hierarchy isn’t rigid; individuals may move between levels based on circumstances.
- Higher-Level Fulfillment: Reaching self-actualization is a rare and individualized process.
Maslow’s theory highlights the importance of satisfying foundational needs to enable individuals to thrive and achieve their full potential.
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